Like a Flower

Alejandra Luna Dr. White English 201 15 September 2011 Like a Flower Love blooms with love, like a flower blooms with water. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a story written by John Steinbeck. This story takes place in 1937, a time when women were not appreciated. Women were supposed to stay home and raise their children. The main character, Elisa Allen, feels distant from her husband Henry. The fact that they didn’t have children, might play a role in that feeling, and is probably the reason she wants to be involved with the farm’s business. â€Å"Her face was lean and strong and her eyes were as clear as water† (Steinbeck 629).Elisa might seem strong on the outside, but deep inside she is fragile like a flower. Though fragile â€Å"her eyes were as clear as water† which means she has very clear what she wants and needs. Just like a flower, she needs care and attention. The point of this story, in my opinion, was to demonstrate the importance of taking care of a woman, not just economically, but emotionally and physically. If you don’t water your flowers they will die, just like love will die without care. Some men think that by providing economically, they are doing enough.A woman might have the biggest and prettiest house, the most expensive car, and the best brand clothes, but that might never be enough to make her happy. We all need someone to love us, someone to hold us at night, to awake to in the morning, someone to have breakfast with and talk to about our sorrows or joys. Money can never replace the need for a companion. Economical support is a marital responsibility, not a sign of love. Furthermore, a woman needs emotional support, she needs someone that listens to her opinion and takes it into consideration, someone who will value her thoughts and ideas.Men have no idea how important it is for a woman to be valued, to be listened to. Many people will agree that communication is a key concept in a relationship, s o knowing about her interest will give you a reason to talk about something both of you have knowledge about. It does not matter if it’s not something that interests you, as long as it interests her it will help, it will also bring you close to each other; just like Elisa felt close to the stranger, when he seemed interested in her Chrysanthemum’s.Another good way to support her emotionally is to complement her. Complement her accomplishments, or simply her beauty. Don’t say â€Å"you look so nice† (Steinbeck 635). You look so nice is not the right thing to say, use words like beautiful, radiant, dazzling, etc. Remind her why you chose to marry her and how you promised to honor and respect her for the rest of your life. Simple thing like that, can bring our self-esteem up; it will make us feel wanted and loved. Lastly care for her physically, and by physically, I’m not referring to sex.Sex is important in a relationship, but what I mean is a simple caress, or to get cozy on the couch, and also take her out on a date â€Å"I ought to take you in to dinner oftener. It would be good for both of us. We get so heavy out on the ranch† (Steinbeck 636). Henry noticed that he needed to pay more attention to his wife, he realized they are kept very busy at the ranch and don’t have time for each other. That is very common in marriages; we get carried away with our job or our children and forget how important it is to pay attention to our partner. Also help around with household chores, sometimes men don’t realize how hard we work.In my case for example; I am the first one to get up in the morning, and the last one to go to bed at night; in between that, I have three daughters, chores and school. It makes a woman very happy, when her husband gets involved and helps with the responsibilities. I truly appreciate all my husband does at home, even though he has two jobs, he comes home and helps out when I have to do home work. Taking care of a woman is as important as taking care of your flowers. If you want a beautiful garden, you water it. I you want a beautiful wife, you take care of her. he leaned over the wire fence that protected her flower garden from cattle and dogs and chickens† (Steinbeck 629). You don’t have to put up a wire fence to keep the dogs away from your flower, all you have to do is take care of her economically, to give her comfort; emotionally, to give her peace and physically to keep her young and beautiful. That is the best way to keep the dogs away, and keep her interested in no one but you. Works Cited Steinbeck, John. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Compact Literature: Reading, reacting, writing. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell, eds. MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010 628-636 Print.

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X

Savannah Major February 23, 2013 Hon. English/ H. 3 Philosophies of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X The late 1950s to mid-1960s was a time when violence and injustice had reached its peak. Many people were treated unfairly and the mood of the country overall was very gloomy and unhappy. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were both very well-known activists who fought to make things equal and right. 80th activists shared similar beliefs against the racial Injustice brought against African Americans by whites although their methods of achieving that equality were completely different.MLK, for Instance, believed In approaching things in a peaceful, nonviolent fashion. However, most African Americans felt that his â€Å"peaceful approach† wasn't enough to reach his. as well as their, goals and turned to Malcolm X, who believed that arming up against whites was a necessity in order to protect yourself. In other words, fight violence with violence. In the speech, â€Å"Stride Toward Freedom,† MLK discusses the three different ways of dealing with oppression; acquiescence, resorting to violence, and the use of nonviolent resistance.Only supporting one of the three, nonviolence, King strongly isagrees with both acquiescence and using violence as a way of making peace. Acquiescence, when the oppressed resign to their oppression and just deal with it. giving up on it all together. MLK believes that is not the way out, claiming that by resigning â€Å"the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor. † (King 301) The second form of oppression, resorting to physical violence, completely goes against his views.

Racism in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racism in football - Essay Example Racism in football has hinderer fair play, mutual respect, fraternity and peace needed for sports activities. Racism in football has caused public incitement to violent acts, hatred, enmity, public insults, dissemination of racist ideas, and symbols. Racism has caused serious violation of human dignity. Racism in the football matches has always found justices at the altar of emotional expression. Racism has made dirty the standards of football game. Let us look at some of the symbols of racism in football. Racism in football has its roots from the society. Racism in the football has manifested itself through public insults and violence that involves physical confrontation. Another very notable level of racial discrimination in the football game is the failure to acknowledge certain football players and other participants in the game, however much high in the game's ladder they climb. For instance, Arthur Wharton, a top professional for English club Preston North End in 1886, though bearing the title of the first Black Football player in an organized football, died poor and no trace of his activities records until recently when an acknowledgement of his activities came in form of a bibliography (Vasili 1997, p. 15). This was a vivid manifestation of racism in football. Football racism rampantly been manifested among the fans during a football match. This comes in form of flags. These are colourful and harmless club flags, but bear a very strong racial discriminatory message. This problem is common among fans supporting Italian, England, German, Holland and Norway football clubs. Other fans through objects at players they consider unworthy playing while the footballer is in the field. Some throw bananas and chant animal noises at black players. This aims at insulting the players that they belong to the bush and they are not different from the monkeys in the bush. Racism builds on skin colour as a physical indictor of ethnic origin. For instance, cases of trafficking young African footballers by the European football clubs is part of this colour based football racism. Racism in the football marches exists at two levels; overt racism and covert or institutionalized racism. Overt racism manifests through unfair treatment directed to migrants and ethnic minority groups with a weak position in a large society. Overt racism manifests in form of abuse to players from a certain race and display of anti-Semitic banners or chants characterized with stereotypic messages related to that particular race. Covert racism manifests in form of choice of players, referees and administrators in most European football clubs. For instance, there are very few members of the minority groups participating at the administration level of football clubs in Australia. Racial prejudice in football has social and psychological perspectives as it manifests itself from the fans' point of view. Racial discrimination in football games has been associated with fans' quest to settle old feuds, personal arguments and land disputes (Rationis 2009). Football hooliganism is associated with television casting of football marches. Football hooliganism relates with 'reclaiming of the football games by the working class.' Proletarianisation of the football game has had a great impact on the violent behaviour of the youth in the

Does Racism Contribute to the Over-Representation of Black African Essay

Does Racism Contribute to the Over-Representation of Black African -Caribbean Women in The Mental Health System - Essay Example This paper looks at how racism, prejudice, suppression, and psychiatric diagnostic processes develop stress that leads to the onset or the persistence of mental illness in black women. While ‘black’ is a term associated with non-whites, the focus of the study here will be from the experiences of women from African-Caribbean origin. The world that we live in is a mixture of the rich and poor, the strong and weak, the affluent and the down-trodden, and men and women. Women have never been given equal rights analogical to men. The rich and powerful countries still dominate the weaker and poor nations. The lives of the people in rich countries continue to be an illusion to those living in the poor countries. However, even in rich countries, certain section of society continues to live under constant threat and under-privileges. It’s a fact that women, whether white or black or brown, continue to suffer from discrimination, but those belonging to ethnic minorities are worst hit. This is no different in the UK, where the face of racism rises above law to suppress any move to vindicate them. The condition of the black and minority ethnic women remain appalling to such extents that represent the poorest, unhealthy, and least educated part of the society. Invariably, to say the least, they are insignificantly the worst represented in the corridors of power than both white women and the rest of the UK population. Research studies have confirmed that the situation of these black and minority ethnic women in the UK highlights the massive inequalities and over-exploitation in health, education, employment and pay. Lucy Ward, the social affairs correspondent of ‘The Guardian’ featured a report published by the Fawcett Society (a womens equality pressure group) on data on the 2.3 million BME women in the UK (2005), which made up of just under 4% of the total population and

The early life and reign of Julius Caesar Essay

The early life and reign of Julius Caesar - Essay Example Julius Caesars' early life and the beginning of his reign as leader of Rome was a very long, yet fulfilling journey. Where Julius Caesar was born and his upbringing influenced him greatly to become the leader of Rome. His accomplishments in his early reign were of extreme importance.Caesar was born in Rome into a well-known patrician family (gens Julia), which supposedly traced its ancestry to Julus, the son of the Trojan prince Aeneas (who according to myth was the son of Venus). A well-documented legend that exists is that, Caesar was born by Caesarian section and is therefore named that way, though it is considered improbable because at that time, it was only performed on dead women, and Julius Caesar's mother lived long after he was born. This legend is more likely a more recent creation, as the origin of the Caesarian section is in the Latin word for to cut, caedo, -ere, caesus sum.Caesar was raised in a modest apartment building (insula) in the Subura, a lower-class neighborhoo d of Rome. His family was not rich and by the then prevalent nobility at that time, there was not any wealthy or prominent family member in his family. However, they were socially distinguished since its members were patrician, and claimed descent from Venus and Aeneas. They had influential political connections and these were useful connections for his political aspirations. Caesar's aunt was married to the popular leader Marius, and he himself married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna (a follower of Marius), refusing to divorce her when ordered to by the dictator Sulla. He was deeply in love with his wife and mourned her long and hard when Cornelia died in 69 BC. After that, he married for political gains though his choice of wife, Sulla's granddaughter Pompeia, who was also the daughter of Quintas Pompey, surprised quite a few in 67 BC. When Sulla died, Caesar began his political career in the Forum at Rome as an advocate, and his reputation as an orator grew in leaps and bounds. He was also known for his ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption. The great orator Cicero even commented, "Does anyone have the ability to speak better than Caesar" He had built solid relationships with Rome's great general and this was a point in his favor. He leaned more towards the populares side rather than the conservatives. The rivalry between Pompey and Caesar's benefactor, Crassus, seemed to have little effect on Caesar. Crassus continued to support Caesar's enormous debts over the next few years. Massive bribery with money borrowed from the rich and influential ex-consul Crassus also procured for him the politically important office of Pontifex Maximus in 63 BC. His personal life had a setback with the ending of his marriage. In 62 BC, Clodius, a Roman politician and Caesar's second wife, Pompeia, were involved in a scandal that took place at a religious festival at his house, concerning the violation of the secret rites of Bona Dea, and Caesar obtained a divorce, saying, "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion." Having served in Farther Spain as proconsul in 61 BC, he returned to Rome in 60 BC, ambitious for the consulate. He organized a coalition, known as the First Triumvirate, against a very strong opposing group, and was made up of made up of Pompey, commander in chief of the army; Crassus, who was powerful being the wealthiest man in Rome and Caesar himself. Pompey and Crassus had a strained relationship going but Caesar cleverly manipulated them to keep the arrangement in operation. Back in Rome in 60, he used force to pass legislation and took up the governorship of Gaul. He married Calpurnia, whose father Piso was made consul, and Pompey married Julia, daughter of Caesar and Cornelia. Caesar continued in Gaul, for eight long years and annexed the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman Empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions. Pompey and Crauss were constantly at each other's throat and Caesar kept

Management Report - Quantitive Problem Solving Essay

Management Report - Quantitive Problem Solving - Essay Example Since customer’s time is the most precious parameter, it has also been decreased drastically in alternative 3. Each car has to wait for only 2.52 minutes in alternative 3. In addition to that, there is only a 22.86% chance that an arriving car will have to wait for the service whereas in alternative 2 there is 50% chance and in alternative 1 the number increases to 80% which is absolutely inefficient. If the company pursues the strategy of seeking the initial foundation of the venture and then have a major (almost immediate) expansion of the fledging company, the net payoff of this strategy will be  £90,000. If the company pursues the strategy of seeking the initial foundation and doing nothing in the first year and makes an expansion in the second year if the tourist attraction is built then it will result in a net payoff of  £65,000. If the number of competitors is 1 then the total number of market players will be 2 since my own company will also be operating in the market. The sales volume figure can be calculated by multiplying the total number of market players with the estimated sales. Here the assumption is that the sales of all the competitors will be equal to our sales Looking at the graph, it is reasonable to infer that the sales volume will increase at a decreasing rate as the number of competitors increase because the industry sales will exhaust at some point of

Economic History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic History - Research Paper Example Most of his works were drafted in the late eighteenth century, when economics was not even properly regarded as a separate subject. Astonishingly enough, Adam Smith’s works are still very useful and many of the modern researches in economics are based on the theories and principals proposed by him. Thesis Statement: Adam Smith’s economic theories and principals have drawn and remained at the focus for more than two hundred years. The basic framework of contemporary economy can be considerably attributed to his works and philosophy. Discussion on the Different Economic Principals and Theories of Adam Smith The two most important works of Adam Smith are â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† and â€Å"The Theory of Moral Sentiments†. The Wealth of Nations can be considered as a precursor to today’s academic discipline of the subject economics. There are certain principals and theories that can be spotted in The Wealth of Nations. It attributes to the basis of r esource-allocation theory, which states that in competitive environment, resource owners would utilize them to maximize profits. This would result into equal rates of returns in equilibrium related to all utilizations, suited for the apparent diversities arising from the factors like unemployment, hardship, trust, and training (Smith, A., 1776). The General Equilibrium Modeling derived by Walras almost a century later is also based on Smith’s resource-allocation theory. Moreover, Smith’s labor theories provide the basis of the modern industrial relations. Labor theory of value further elucidates the relation between labor and the cost of the product produced, which affects the allocation of outputs and the distribution of earnings. Further, in his work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith finds out relationship between the ethical behavior of an individual and the economic structure of the society. His concept of â€Å"homo economicus† (economic man) defin es that how a sensible citizen can make economic contributions to the well being of our society (Klein, D.B., 2009). Why Adam Smith is Important? Adam Smith is important because this Scottish economist worked during the days when the very subject â€Å"economical science† or economics was in a nascent state. Adam Smith, to some extent, decided the course of the evolution of economics as a separate subject. He deeply analyzed the concepts of taxation, market, labor, training, unemployment, infrastructure, etc., which are critical in today’s economic environment and related public administration. It is due to Adam Smith that we are sometimes compelled to think about capitalism as a moral system, where profits are not the only pursuit. Hence, his legacy deserves special importance today (Brown, V. et al, 1993). Further, in Smith’s works, we get the glimpses of the emerging industrial society in the late eighteenth century Britain, wherefrom the modern industrial re volution actually began. Why are his Theories Important? Critics of Adam Smith try to find out limitations of his economic philosophy. According to J. Schumpeter (1994), â€Å"Had he (Adam Smith) dug more deeply, had he unearthed more recondite truth, had he used more difficult and ingenious methods, he would not have been understood.† However, this criticism still testifies that Adam Smith’s theories have a simplistic approach, which make them understandable in the context of common people, and hence, are important. His theories

Foundations of Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foundations of Business Law - Essay Example By virtue of a valid sale and waiver of all her rights to the enterprise, Roxanne has transferred all said rights and interests to the property, which also includes liabilities and future litigation, such as the present case against her former business enterprise and its new owner, Sting. If Sting, also signified that it was Roxanne who owned the business through his conduct, Roxanne cannot be still held liable as there was fraud and misrepresentation employed by the former. Conversely, if there was indeed a valid, legal transfer of the rights to the business to Sting, he shall be the one solely liable to pay the obligation of $40,000 to Lumieres Sound and Lighting System. If Lumieres Sound and Lighting System cannot recover from Sting by virtue of his disappearance, the former cannot recover from Roxanne, as she has no knowledge whatsoever of the obligation and therefore, no obligation to pay the debt created by the new owner Sting. Moreover, since the parties were entering a contra ct which amounted to a significant amount of money, namely: $40,000.00, it was incumbent upon Lumieres Sound and Lighting System to verify the identity of the business proprietor they were contracting with, and look into all the considerations such as the financial capability of the other party to pay, among several other factors. It cannot take refuge in the fact that they had been â€Å"a regular supplier to Mogadon in the past, and was not aware of the change of ownership.† In all their financial dealings, a supplier must always exercise diligence and due care by assessing their client’s profile and identity. If there was only an actual transfer of the rights to the property, where legally, Roxanne was still the owner of the business enterprise, she is still liable for all the acts and obligations despite the actual ownership of Sting. Under the law, she still has rights and interests to the business enterprise, and would ultimately be liable for litigation and brea ch of contract, as Sting can only be considered as an agent acting in her behalf. Hence, in the absence of Sting, Roxanne can be held liable. Lastly, although there was an actual transfer of rights and ownership of the business by virtue of the sale between Roxanne and Sting, it was incumbent upon Roxanne to have advised Sting to stop the use of the old business signs, advertising, materials and stationary, and letterhead of Mogadon Music, and informed her former contacts and suppliers of the change of ownership of her former business enterprise. Question 2 To effectively ascertain whether or not Sally has a valid claim and cause of action under the law against Great Eastern Railway, an analysis of the facts and circumstances surrounding the case is proper. The facts of the case are clear and undisputed. There was a valid freight contact entered into by the parties. The issue and question in this case is whether or not Great Eastern Railway, under the stipulations of the contract en tered into by the parties, and through the acts or omissions of its employees, is liable for damages under the provisions and instances set forth by law and jurisprudence. The case at bar merits a situation of breach of contract. Defined in general terms, a breach of contract of a contractual obligation is any failure or departure from the agreed  terms and conditions of a contract, Accordingly, where a breach has been caused where one of the parties to the

Open letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open letter - Essay Example Unlike me, my friend is an introvert and prefers staying by himself. Additionally, he lacks experience with women and ends up breaking up with most of the women he gets from me. For the three years that we have been very close, we have shared several amenities. The fact that we have similar interests heightened my relationship with him. We were together most of the time. However, early last year I met a girl and fell in love. I am therefore currently in a very steady relationship where we are planning marriage. My girlfriend is also our classmate and a friend of my roommate, as a matter of fact. As would be expected, I am closer to my girlfriend than my roommate, and this is straining my relationship with him. He feels rejected and, to some extent, betrayed. I cannot understand what he might have expected from our friendship. A week ago, while my girlfriend was visiting, he acted absurdly; he waited for me to leave the room for a call and made a plan with my girlfriend. Later my girl friend shared with me his wish for the two of them to meet secretly. I encouraged her to meet him but convinced her to share with me the outcome of their discussion. They met in secret as they had planned and converted in length over a cup of coffee in the cafeteria. My girlfriend later reported to me that he kept advising her to terminate the relationship because he knew me more than the lady did and according to him, â€Å"I was not the best choice for my girlfriend†. He told her that I am a flirt and would break her heart. According to him, it was therefore pointless for her to sacrifice her time being in a relationship with me while the outcome was evident. After the meeting, my girlfriend started acting differently. We could not share anything, and that worried me. However, after I learned about their discussion with my roommate, I concluded that it was as a result of the issues that they had discussed. Meanwhile, I maintained friendly relationships with him. My roommate was quick to offer his advice telling me that the lady was not the best woman I could date. He tried to discourage me from continuing and committing to the relationship. He even offered to take me out for lunch and a film that was debuting in town that day. He did not make sexual advances towards me, but he was so friendly that he suggested to share my bed after we drank several bottles of whiskey in a bid to get my mind off my girlfriend. I did not avoid my girlfriend because she soon approached me and was willing to share with me the outcome of her meeting with my roommate. She recounted the advice she got from my roommate and I also opened up and shared with her the advice I received from my roommate, and, I must say, I was shocked. He had gone to great lengths to separate me from the girl I loved, for reasons best known to him. Besides his attempts, he tried becoming very close to me—closer than he had ever tried in our three-year-old friendship. After reconciling with m y girlfriend, we became closer; we would spend more time together which angered my roommate. He currently does not come into the room when I am in. At such times, he would prefer spending the night elsewhere. Other than that, he seems to be distracted by alcohol. Whenever I try to reach out either by calling or texting him, he refuses to reply my texts or receive my calls. My roommate’s current careless attitude towards his social and academic life distresses

Compare and contrast Pascal, Voltaire, Hume, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche Essay

Compare and contrast Pascal, Voltaire, Hume, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche - Essay Example He stipulated in his popular ‘Pascal’s Wager. He said the people would lose very little for believing that God exists regardless of whether he exists or not. On the other hand, he stipulated that people would gain a lot for believing that God exists. In this case, he concluded that it is appropriate for people to believe that God exists and behave in an appropriate manner. Pascal said that he would rather be frightened of being mistaken about the existence of God. Therefore, Pascal’s Wager is regarded as a rationality of belief in God. His views are directed to those people who waver as opposed to those people who do not believe in the existence of God (Asiado). Voltaire’s life is described as a paradox. In this case, he despised humanity yet he was fond of men. Moreover, he did not believe in God but in real sense he dedicated his life to find him. He stipulated that no religious text or revelation is needed to allow people to believe in God. He believed in the universal laws which are focused in the moral world which are observed in all religious systems. In this case, people are required to have respect for nature and the contemporary world. Voltaire believed that there exists a supreme, eternal and intelligent being. He believed in reason and not faith (Graves). Hume is regarded as an empiricist. He believes that belief would be regarded as rational if there is sufficient evidence to support it. In this case, he questions whether there is enough evidence in the world which would convince people to believe in the wise, powerful, good and a wise God. For example, Hume was very critical of the Catholic Church. He described its activities as ones that are guided by idolatry and superstition. He also stipulated that they practiced uncivilized beliefs. Moreover, he regarded Protestants as corruptors of belief (Quinton, p, 3). Therefore, in this perspective, it is true that Hume was skeptical about religion. Kierkegaard was a religious poet. In this

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Picture in your mind a world in which the temperature is at least ten degrees higher than it is today, where they’re supposed to be snow you can see a green valley and all the major cities are covered by water. This imaginary picture is not too far from the truth. This essay will discuss the effects of global warming as a life threatening condition causing extreme heat waves, glacier retreat and sea level rises. The first effect of global warming is the dramatic increase of temperature all over the globe. The actual readings show a global warming of around 0.6 degrees Celsius over the entire 20th century. Furthermore, any micro change in the temperature can generate severe weather conditions like rain and tornados also, some areas may experiment extreme heat waves that could derivate in death by dehydratation. Other contributors for the changes in temperature are the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are naturally generated by solid waste in the form of methane gas. The human generated ones that comes from automobile exhausts and heaters from homes including factories wastes. Although, greenhouse gases are mainly natural the real problem resides in the excess of this gases overheating the planet. With the change in temperature previously indicated, there is a second effect of global warming, glacier retreat. Places traditionally known by snow or cold weathers now report less amounts of snow and a rise in temperature for example, in the Chimborazo volcano, Ecuador, the snow of the glacier is retreating at a rate of 0.5 meters each year also Antarctica reported to have the warmest year in all history. Remember that most of the water for human consumption comes from the glaciers, when they melt over controlled conditions the water resulted from the melting goes to rivers. Moreover, if the melting continues and the glacier disappears there is a good chance that there will be no more water to drink. Continuing with the effects of global warming and as a result of the previous two appears the rise of the sea levels. At this moment the sea levels increase in a ratio of 1.8mm to 2.4mm per year and the predictions indicate that this ratio is increasing rapidly to 3.8mm per year. If the tendency continues most of the major cities located near the coast are on the risk of disappearing by the water. The two factors that lead to the increased levels in sea are, the first thermal expansion: as oceans water warms it expands and second each year enormous blocks of ice, talking about in some cases of kilometers of ice, from the poles melt into the sea as a result of the increased temperatures provoking the rise in water levels. In conclusion, global warming effects are related in a chain reaction. So, because of the extreme temperature changes people could die and, the glaciers and poles experiment an enormous reduction. Also, because of the first two effects the level of the oceans begins to rise. The future or our civilization depends on how these effects are addressed, because of what it is important to reduce the consumption of gas or oil for heating houses, keep our vehicles in good conditions to reduce greenhouse gases, better if the bicycle is used instead of the car. I hope our nations and citizens make conscience about this threat to our lives and begin to work together in solutions to the problem.

Advertising and Promotion Essay Example for Free

Advertising and Promotion Essay After first reading the entire exam, thoroughly answer each essay question consistent with the Writing Across the Curriculum section below. Save your work in DOC, DOCX, or RTF format with your last name in the title. Upload your exam document to the course Dropbox no later than Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT. You must confirm successful upload. Late exam submissions will receive a grade of zero. Questions (25 points each): 1. As an outcome of the Module 1 Discussion, identify and describe what the class as a whole (a) found to be the top four communication management problems commonly associated with advertising and promotion, and (b) found to be the top solutions to these communication management problems. Why is it important to apply the Saint Leo core value of community when working with your peers (both in the classroom and in the work environment)? Give an example of how the core value was applied in the discussion. 2. Outline and explain the key outcomes of the research represented in the assigned mobile advertising article. 3. Compare (cite and explain relevant similarities) and contrast (cite and explain relevant pointed differences) the services offered by the following advertising agencies: Strawberry Frog, DDB Worldwide, and Exile on 7th. 4. Compare (cite and explain relevant similarities) and contrast (cite and explain pointed differences) TV and radio as advertising media. 5. Compare and contrast the value of newspapers and magazines as advertising media given the current external marketing environment (economic, legal, social, cultural, etc. ). 6. Identify and explain the chief challenges confronting mobile advertising. Writing Across the Curriculum: Please be reminded that all written assignments in this course (including examinations) require formal writing, i. e. , standard business English as employed in the typical executive management suite. Given the importance of proper business communication by masters of business administration, examination submissions exhibiting errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and executive business style will be grade penalized. References regarding grammar usage and style recommended by the School of Business are: Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style and Shertzers The Elements of Grammar. Saint Leo University administration and Board of Trustees promise the public that we are following Benedictine values, not the least of which are excellence and integrity. Please acquit yourself in this course consistent with these values. Grades will necessarily suffer if one does not behave in accordance with these values. It deserves repeating: plagiarism of any kind, intentional or unintentional, is treated with great concern at Saint Leo University. Plagiarism must be reported to the executive administration. A hearing will then be scheduled to advance the investigation into charges of plagiarism. It is better to be excessive in citing sources throughout the body of a paper than to risk the charge of plagiarism. A â€Å"Reference† section must conclude all written work in which sources require citing. Shintaro, O. , Barwise, P. (2011). Has the Time Finally Come for the Medium of the Future? Journal Of Advertising Research, 515 9-71.

Pirate Radio Music

Pirate Radio Music Pirate radio station is a station in UK. It is a site delivering pirate radio culture and music which is straight from the heart of London. It is also served through web server and screening real audio. It has played a crucial role in forming the Britains musical test. Today, the waves of the pirate radio station in the cities are so much crowded to the extend that the pirates are been pushed to the suburbs and the country side. It is through these that the people from the rural communities have been in a position to access these services which most of the radio stations have not achieved. Today the members from the rural communities can now have the opportunity to listen on what is happening all over the world through the many programmes which are made by this radio station. As a result most of the people have named it a nerve center and its headquarter is of Essex top pirate radio station. What was crucial for the growth of the pirate radio station was the incorporation of the new technology in the performance of its many activities. This radio station has used the new technology and these are some of the factors on how this new technology has made the pirate radio to prosper. You find that the transistors were now abit hugly smaller and also for the first time, these transistors were transportable. It was doe to the new technology that there was a drop in the hardware price. It was due to the drop of the hardware price that most of the activities could be done effectively hence leading the company to realize its competitive advantage. You find that for a company to grow, first it needs to maintain its costs since when costs are more than the profits, then definitely the company will lead to losses. But here we see that the hardware could be sold at a cheap price hence meaning that its costs were less than the profits leading to the realization of the competitive advantage. The introduction of the clearer and the cheaper FM brand is also another way by which the pirate radio has benefited from the new technology. Once the microwave technology came in to play, it means that this transmitter was in a different location which was different from where the pirates broadcasted from and this is a cheap hardware which can be easily got and replaced when stolen. (Jo Tacchi, 2001). If you tune around that FM band in London, you will find a large number of pirate radio stations. These stations are highly recognizable since they have differentiated themselves from the other stations so that then can realize their competitive advantage. One of their distinctive features is there distinctive sounds. You find that at the pirate radio station, they usually play different sounds which are so different from the other stations. Often you find them playing certain musical styles such as House, UK garage, Drum n Bass, reggae, Grime plus other numerous old skools genres. All these are personal but try to catch so many people hence you find that most of the people usually try to tune in to the pirate radio station so that they can listen at the music playing which is so much attractive. Most of these musics which are played are usually aimed at certain societies and communities so that the can be in a position to learn from them. It is in this music that most of the communities can have the chance to listen songs from their own languages. Many people tend to enjoy these types of songs since most of them are usually more of traditional and telling them about there own culture hence many people can not avoid listening to them. (Jo Tacchi, 2001). Impacts of the pirate radio station in the United Kingdom Pirate radio has done a great deal for the house music and this is done by feeding the public with all the latest underground music despite the fact that it has not been in a position to get the credit it really deserves. You find that this is one of the most entertainment stations in the United Kingdom in the sense that it has been in a position to keep most of the people here fully involved in most of their free times. Music industry is one of the growing sectors not only in the United Kingdom but also in other countries. It is through music that people have been in a position to utilize most of their free times hence leading to less criminals in the society. So you tend to find that its through the pirate radio station that most of the people can spent most of their free times listening to music, news and other records which are produced by the radio station. You find that most of the music usually carries important messages and most of the people can learn from this particular mu sic. Most of the people can change their behaviors through listening to these musics and pirate is a good example since most of the people in united kingdom usually like listening to radio pirate simply because it is well organized. It has a good schedule of doing its activities hence you find that most of the people like listening to its since its so much convenient. They have a variety of programs and these programs always have their set time hence people can be in a position to fix themselves on the p[particular program they really want to listen. It is also not biased like other radio stations. So you find that there is a lot of fun in radio pirate since its not biased at all and it has good music and entertainment which is liked by so many people. People are then in a position to benefit from pirate radio through its many programs, music, entertainment and also news. The whole of the house in the music industry also benefits from the pirate radio since in pirate radio, they pum p out all the current tunes along with all the music favorites and this can be seen as helping keep the scene more alive and also helps by selling huge amounts of new records and also by increasing the total number of DJs in this industry. (Colin, 1996). Promoters benefited through advertisements Many companies and organization have been in a position to benefit from the station since you find that most of the new events or even new products and services which have been produced in the market can be advertised through the radio station hence making the potential customers to be in a position to access them. One a company has produced a new product; the only way it can get this product to the potential customers is through advertisements. The radio advertisements are usually so cheap and available to everyone that why most of the people have preferred this radio station in advertising this product. As a result many people will be in a position to get to know the new product which has been introduced in the market. You find that most of the new events by these promoters are advertised through the pirate radio hence leading to the growth of the economy. The pirate radio station will also benefit in that it has received so many clients who wish to advertise their many products in that particular station hence they have been in a position to record huge profits. Many people also benefit from the pirate radio station in that it tends to help the less fortunate in the society. Not everyone in the many societies we come from has been blessed with wealth. There are a few elements who are termed as poor simply because they can not help them and a good example is the disabled, orphans and the elderly in the United Kingdom. The pirate radio station has taken the initiative to help most of these people out of the many profits which they record. So its through this that even the less fortunate in the society have been in a position to have improved standards of living. (Colin, 1996). Record sales The pirate radio has had a big impact on the record sales. There is a symbiotic relationship between the pirate radio and the record sales industries. You find that the radio pirate has grown hand in hand with the recording industry in that most of these recorded usually use the radio to advertise their new songs among other things. As a result, you find that these people have been in a position to increase their sales in that they usually advertise them through the radio. They too charge few charges as when compared to other radio stations hence meaning that it has been giving good services and that is why most of the people in the United Kingdom use this particular radio. It is also not biased. Many of the Djs in UK have been in a position to excel in this industry through the radio pirate. You find that most of the DJs have been in a position to play their mixes over air. Most of these DJs market themselves through these stations since many funs in UK usually listen the pirate rad io. So when they are marketed, then they are in a position to sell more records hence increasing their living standards. Most of the Djs have become millionaires through this industry and this is out of the many record sales they get. They have been in a position to have increased standards of living which is the basic goals for most of these musicians. Due to the large number of people who usually listen at this particular radio station, it has been in a position to benefit a lot from it. (Sian, 1996). Job creation This particular radio station is one of the employment industries in most of the people in UK. Here you find that most of the young and the youth have been in a position to secure good jobs from this particular radio. It employs so many people so that they can be in a position to meet the growing demand of people. This is because most of the people like the business men, musicians, and government activities have relied so much on the radio pirate when advertising its many activities or even the new products which are produced in the market. It is as a result of this growing demand that many people have been in a position to get jobs through this industry. At the end of the day you find that the economy has been in a position to grow so much since unemployment is one of the leading factors to poverty in a country. You find that when there is a large number of people who are not employed, then it will mean that most of the countries resources will be used to help these people not worki ng. This is because the employed get the unemployed benefits so when they have a job, it will mean that the government will use these resources on other sectors which can be beneficial to all people and a good example is the education sector. So with this, the pirate radio has played a big role in occupying these people in the many roles which are available in this sector. This is because the radio station has so many departments and it is in these departments that many people have been in a position to secure good jobs. So you find that the society too benefits from this a lot. (Paddy, 1996). Increased economic growth Its through the pirate radio that the economy has been in a position to grow. This is because the music industry is one of the growing sectors not only in UK but also in other countries. So you find that due to the many profits which are got by the pirate radio station, the government has been in a position to get high revenues from highly taxing them. This is out of the many profits which they get. So you find that its through taxing these radio station that the government has been in a position to increase its economic growth. The money which is collected as tax can then be used in other important sectors like in the provision of free health services to the needy people in the society. Also it is out of the many profits which it gets that the members of the public have been in a position to benefit from the same through the selling of many shares. Since this particular sector accrues so many benefits, the members of the public have been in a position to benefit from the advantages of this company. This is through buying of the companies shares which are usually sold. Its through buying these shares that they have been in a position to have increased standards of living since this is a form of investment in that its through buying these shares that they sell them when there prices are high hence leading to huge profits from them. So you find that the members of the public have been in a position to benefit from the resources of the pirate radio and the many profits which are got by it. (Colin, 1996). Community development The pirate radio has benefited the communities so much through the various programmes which people listen from them. They usually introduce a number of programmes that are already having a number of impacts to the members of these societies. One of the programmes in this case in the community focus groups. This is one of the programmes which basically focus on the community activities hence its through listening these programmes that the community has been in a position to develop. The farmers plus other interest groups are usually asked by the radio station to identify key issues which they need to be aired to other people. A good example is the farmers in that they usually have a programme which is supposed to encourage farmers so that they can have increased production. Some of the successful farmers are usually brought in to the studio whereby they usually tell people how they have succeed through farming and the best tools and strategies which farmers can apply so that they can be in a position to succeed in farming. Its through these that most of the farmers in the communities can take time and try to learn from this particular radio station. Also some of the government officials are also invited to respond to the concerns which were raised by the various groups. So you find that when an issue has been brought by the particular interest group like the case with the farmers, then a government official who is specifically concerned with that sector is invited in the studio and tries to answer the many questions are asked by the interest groups. So this is one of the ways in which the pirate radio has brought the members of the community in to close contact with the government and they can air their grievances to them whenever there are matters which need to be discussed. As a result, the community has been in a position to benefit in that they can get the correct advice and the basics which they require from the government hence leading to community develop ment in return. (Kevin, 1998). Despite the advantages the pirate radio station has had, it also has some disadvantages to the people who normally watch at these stations. You find that most of the programs which are watched by people especially the young people could have some negative impacts on them. For example they have certain songs which can mislead most of the young people. So you will find that most of the young children usually spent most of their times listening to radio and this can have an impact on their performance in education. So when it comes to the young children in the society, the children will learn both the good and the bad languages which are in the music most of the musicians usually sing. At the end of the day you will find that the community will have so many deviants hence leading to immoral society. Another disadvantage is that is sometimes biased in that it tends to favour that government. So during times like during elections, the government will tend to use this particular media so that it can get most of the people in the society. These people are usually paid so that they can side with the government hence meaning that the members of the public will be misused through this particular radio station and tends to manipulate people to be on the side of the government. (Kevin, 1998). Conclusion Radio stations usually have a great impact to the members of the public. This is out of the many roles in which these radio stations have. Most of the radio stations usually have differentiated ways in which they present their activities and this is important in any organization since its one of the main ways by which an organization can realize its set goals and objectives. People would like listening to radio stations that have a diversified range of activities and programmes which would benefit people and the society at large. For instance they play the role of educating most people in the societies. For example the pirate radio station has taken the initiative of a good leader and hence does this through enlightening people on the society. It is through this initiative that the members of the public will tend to benefit through the many programmes which are facilitated. So the radio stations are very much crucial in ones life and one can imagine a world without a radio station. I t can as a result of the new technology and its one of the cheapest technology which most people can afford as when compared to other Medias like the television, the internet among others. As a result its through it that many people have been in a position to benefit through the education and the type of entertainment they get from them. So pirate radio station has made a difference in many people lives since they are not the same again. They have improved their living standards through listening the many programs which are found in this radio station. Reference Jo Tacchi, J. (2001): ‘Who listens to Radio? The role of Industrial audience research. No News is Bad News: Radio, Television and the Press .London: Longman, pp.137-156) Colin, S. (1996): The British press and broadcasting since 1945. 2nd edition. Blackwell. Martin, S. Cindy W, (2002); On Air: Methods and Meanings of Radio .Arnold, 2002. Sian, N. (1996): The Echo of War: Home Front Propaganda and the Wartime BBC 1939-45. Manchester University Press, 1996. Sian, N. (2002): ‘All the News thats fit to Broadcast: the popular press versus the BBC, 1922-1945, in P.Cattterall, C.Seymour Ure and A. Smith, eds, Northcliffes Legacy: Aspects of the British Popular Press, 1896-1996, (Macmillan, 2000), pp.121-148 Paddy, S. (1996): Radio, television and modern life: a phenomenological approaches Blackwell, 1996. Paddy, S. David, C. (1991): A Social History of British Broadcasting. Volume One 1922-1939. Serving the Nation. Blackwell. Colin, S. (1996): The London press and broadcasting. Manchester University Press, 1996. Michael, T. (1998): The Decline and fall of Public Service Broadcasting. OUP, 1998. Kevin, W. (1998): Get me a murder a day! A history of mass communications in Britain Arnold, 1998.

Stefan Edberg :: essays research papers

Stefan Edberg The tennisplayer Stefan Edberg is nowadays a legend in his sport. I met him myself in France in 1987. I was 8 years old. He and the other members of the Swedish Daviscup team were playing the Daviscup against France. However, before the training I met them in the lobby of their hotel in Frà ©jus. My father knew the Swedish captain of the team so we could watch them training.After that Stefan has been one of my idols. I play tennis a lot myself. But now to the story about Stefan Edberg. Saw the ad His career started when the local paper in Và ¤stervik ( the town where he was born ) had an advertisement about mini-tennis in the early 70s. It said †Day of tennis†.Luckily his mother Barbro read the article and liked it. The day after she sent her son to the tennis-school for beginners. At that time she didn't know how important this initiative would be to Stefan, to Swedish tennis and even to the world tennis. An incredible athletic career had seen the morning light. Was convinced to continue The seven year old Stefan struck his first hits at the tennis school in the sommer of 1973. To start with he played once a week. He liked his new sport but was close to quitting after the first term. -My friend wanted to quit,and so did I. But my trainer convinced me to continue, Stefan says with a smile on his face. The young Edberg soon became taken by the sport. Soon he played matches with the boys' team, and outside his home he played fantasy Davis Cup-matches. In the sommer holidays he almost lived at the tennis court. At the age of ten he stopped playing his two other sports, football and icehockey, and concentrated everything on tennis. Soon he won his first tournament, †Ostkustenspà ¤rla,† a very memorable victory for him. Star even in school But a couple of years went by before he †dared† to go in for tennis full time. He was in the ninth grade as took the big step and gave tennis the big chance. -I felt I had a serious chance of becoming a worldplayer. Because I had just won JEM and taken a set on Mats Wilander who was a professional player, Stefan says. But it couldn't have been an easy choice, because Stefan was also a very good student with an average about 4,3 after the ninth grade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was better than all the others!!! The trainers at the club where he was training, Westerviks TK, quickly realized

theatre Studies Portfolio. :: essays research papers

Throughout the year the texts we have studied have provided us with inspiration on the topic and themes of our devised drama. The texts we have studied in Theatre Studies have been Anton Chekov’s â€Å"Three Sisters† and Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone†, one of the three Theban plays. The link between these plays is the role of women and could be described as proto-feminist. â€Å"Antigone† shows us a woman who is prepared to go against the rule of the city and Creon, whom should be the dominant male in the play. â€Å"Three Sisters† portrays three women who cope with the death of their father, and live without men in their lives. We have used both of these ideas in our devised drama, as all our women are single and go against the stereotypical view of women allowing the audience to see a contrast of five women, all a foil to the traditional view of women in the catholic church. We have also been influenced by a collection of poetry we have studies on our English Literature course. Carol Ann Duffy is well known as a feminist writer and her 1999 collection, â€Å"The World Wife† is an original collection in which she explores the view of the wives of historical, biblical and mythological men and gives the reader a chance to see the great tales concerning these men through the eyes of the woman, who is often shown to be much more strength in character than her husband or partner. After studying the poems, our group decided to base our five female characters on poems in the play, these poems being â€Å"Delilah†, â€Å"Mrs Faust†, â€Å"Mrs Midas†, â€Å"Salmone† and â€Å"Mrs Lazarus†. Using these as guidelines for our characters, the five girls in our group were able to elaborate on then, using the techniques of our practitioner, Stanisvlaski, to create a full character from the narrative in our selected poems. Caryl Churchill’s play â€Å"Top Girls† was also an influence on us. The play â€Å"Top Girls† shows the audience famous women from the past having a dinner party together and discussing their experiences to one another. This is not unlike our devised drama and influenced us to choose the setting of a gathering. The 1995 movie â€Å"How To Make An American Quilt† directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse inspired us for the idea of our women making a quilt together to commemorate the memory of a person from the village in which our play is set.

Ode of the West Wind by Percy Shelley Essay -- too a skylark, spirit,

Percy Shelley was a rebellious writer. Many of the things that he had written didn’t really follow the social standards of his time. Many times, he would call something out or introduce many ludicrous ideas. He also was a huge fan of William Wordsworth, a poet who thought the Industrial Revolution was ruining our connection towards nature. So, Shelley tended to follow this theme, except in a more rebellious way and Adam Kirsch agrees when he states, â€Å"Unlike the average radical, then, Shelley didn't just challenge social taboos; he openly violated them, living his personal life in accordance with unpopular principles like equality, women's rights, and free love.† (Kirsch, Adam). One of the many tools Shelley used in his writing was the use of personification, or treating non-human things as if they were human. For example, Ode of the West used personifies the wind which is shown throughout the poem as he speaks to the wind like he would a person. In To a Skylark, he admires the bird and uses many creative images to express the wonder and magnificent qualities of the skylark. Percy Shelley’s poems Ode of the West Wind and Too a Skylark both use imagery to show links between spirit and nature, and they each use personification of different things to show these connections. First of all, both of Shelley’s poems Ode of the West Wind and Too a Skylark use imagery to illustrate connections between nature and spirit. Ode of the West has many magnificent images that are described throughout the poem. Shelley used many illustrating words that really formed a picture of what he was talking about. The connection of nature and spirit are shown in lines such as, â€Å"Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, / Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O... ...that show connections between spirit and nature. Works Cited Donovan, Josephine. "Aestheticizing Animal Cruelty." College Literature 4(2011):202. eLibrary. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. Kirsch, Adam.. "AVENGING ANGEL ; Books." New Yorker, The. 27 Aug. 2007: 85. eLibrary. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. Knapp, John. "The spirit of classical hymn in Shelley's "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty"." Style 33. 1(1999):43. eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Neth, J., Michael.. "The Shelley-Byron Conversation.(book reviews)." ANQ 9. (1996):61(4). eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. William, James , 1792-1822 (1792-1822) The Complete Poetical Works of Shelley including materials never before printed in any edition of the poems: Edited with textual notes by Thomas Hutchinson Oxford The Clarendon Press 1904 xxvii, 1023 p. Preliminaries, introductory, and editorial matter omitted; non-English verse omitted.

Neurophysiology Study Guide

Neurophysiology Study Guide 1. Define â€Å"equilibrium potential†. Why is the resting potential closer to the potassium equilibrium potential (EK+) than the sodium potential (ENa+)? The equilibrium potential is the point at which the force exerted on an ion by electrostatic and concentration gradient forces are balanced, and there is no net movement of that ion. The resting potential is closer to EK+ than ENa+ because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium than sodium. 2. How would ENa+ change following an increase in the external concentration of sodium?Would the resting potential be affected significantly? If the external concentration of sodium was increased, the concentration gradient driving the movement of sodium would be increased more sodium would diffuse into the cell and would reduce some of the negative charge on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. This would serve to decrease (make less negative) the resting potential, but would not affect it signifi cantly since the membrane is much more permeable to K. 3. Does any net Ionic current flow at the resting potential?What are the relationships among â€Å"passive† and â€Å"pump†ionic currents at the resting potential? There is no net ionic current flow at the resting potential. However, since neither Na+ nor K+ is at equilibrium, there is a net flow of each across the membrane. The Na-K pump generates the concentration difference that sustains the resting potential: but it is the passive ionic flow that creates the resting potential. Pump currents balance passive currents (diffusion) at the resting potential. 3. Define â€Å"electrogenic† and â€Å"neutral† pumps.What role does the Na-K pump play in the resting potential? An electrogenic pump creates a potential difference across the membrane – positive and negative charges are not transported across the membrane in equal amounts. Neutral pumps are balanced according to charge – there is no potential difference created. The Na-K pump generates the concentration difference that sustains the resting potential. 5. Describe the sequence of ionic events and their effect upon the resting potential following lockade of the Na-K pump, or following an increase in extracellular potassium or sodium. When the Na-K pump is blocked by an agent such as oubain or digitalis, Na+ and K+ will continue to diffuse passively across the cell membrane down their respective gradients. After a while, intracellular [Na] will increase and intracellular [K] will decrease. The reduced [K] gradient will reduce K efflux through nongated channels; therefore, the resting potential will depolarize. The reduced [Na] gradient will have little effect on the resting potential.If extracellular [K+ ] is increased, the driving force for potassium diffusion out of the cell will decrease, and the resting potential will become less negative (depolarized). If extracellular [Na+ ] is increased, the driving force f or sodium movement into the cell will increase with a resultant slight depolarization, but there will be no significant change in resting potential. Na+ -K+ ATPase pump activity Y [[Na+]in Y [Na+]O/ [Na+]i Y ENa+ Y (EM – ENa+) Y INa+ Y Conduction velocity and Depolarized threshold 6.Explain the interrelationships between ionic and capacitive currents during postsynaptic potentials or during an action potential. Ionic current is the flow of ions through channels into or out of the cell. Capacitive current is the movement of charges, usually positive, up to or away from the cell membrane. During an excitatory postsynaptic potential or an action potential, there is an initial ionic current flow into the cell, followed by a capacitive current out of the cell, which serves to depolarize the membrane potential at a distance. The current loop forms a â€Å"local circuit. † 7.Define â€Å"time constant†. How is it calculated and why is it important for integration of electrical activity at the axon's initial segment? The time constant is the amount of time it takes for EM (membrane potential) to decay to 1/e of its initial strength (37%). It is equal to resistance times capacitance. It is important for integration at the initial segment because it determines whether temporal summation can take place – a long time constant means slow decay which allows summation to occur; a short time constant means fast decay, and therefore no summation. 8. Define â€Å"length constant'.How does it depend upon axon diameter, axial resistance and membrane resistance; what does it suggest about the relative effectiveness of synapses on the soma versus synapses on the dendrites? The length (or space) constant is the distance that a signal can travel before falling to 1/e (37%) of its initial magnitude. It is proportional to the square root of the diameter of the fiber and to membrane resistance, and inversely proportional to axial resistance. The higher the membrane resistance, the farther the signal will go. The larger the length constant, the slower the signal decay.This suggests that synapses on the soma are more likely to undergo spatial summation than dendritic synapses. 9. Define â€Å"graded potentials†. How do these differ from action potentials? A graded potential is one in which the amplitude is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus. It has no refractory period and is a local potential – i. e. it is not actively conducted and spreads only passively. Graded potentials can be either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing and can add. Action potentials cannot add, have refractory periods are all or none, and are propagated actively. 0. Explain the shape of a â€Å"strength duration† curve. Define â€Å"rheobase† and â€Å"chronaxie† The shape of the strength-duration curve shows that initiation of an action potential is dependent on both the amplitude and the duration of a stimulus. Rheobase is the minimum effective stimulus strength. Chronaxie is the duration of the stimulus that is required to just reach threshold when the stimulus amplitude is twice rheobase. 11. Explain in detail how an action potential is generated. What types of channels tend to open as the membrane potential depolarizes?Draw a graph illustrating how sodium and potassium conductances change (with time) during an action potential. When the membrane is depolarized, voltage sensitive Na+ channels open allowing Na+ to enter the cell down its electrochemical gradient This entry of Na+ further depolarizes the cell, resulting in the opening of more Na+ channels: thus allowing more Na+ to enter, and so on. When the influx of Na+ exceeds the efflux of K+ , threshold is exceeded and the response becomes regenerative, leading to the depolarizing or rising phase of the action potential.After a period of time the Na+ channels inactivate and close: blocking further entry of Na+ through these channels. Also after a delay, voltage-sensitive K+ channels open, allowing K+ to leave the cell, traveling down its electrochemical gradient. The inactivation of the Na+ channels coupled with the opening of the K+ channels result in the repolarization of the membrane potential 12. How do the time courses of sodium and potassium conductances differ during a maintained depolarization? A maintained depolarization causes Na+ inactivation (reduces PNa+) and hence increases (depolarizes) the threshold potential.In addition, compared with the Na+ activation process, the K+ activation process (increased PK+ ) is delayed and persists as long as the depolarization is maintained. 13. Define â€Å"sodium inactivation†. How does it explain the â€Å"absolute† and â€Å"relative† refractory periods, or â€Å"accommodation†? How do potassium ions play a role in these processes? What limits a neuron's maximum rate of firing? There are two ‘gates' on the voltage gated sodium channels. As the membrane is depolarized, sodium channels open. When the membrane is fully depolarized, sodium channels become inactivated.Sodium inactivation is high at the peak of the action potential and is maximal about the time that the repolarization phase intersects the zero potential. It is this process and the fact that most potassium channels are open that account for the absolute refractory period. The relative refractory period is the gradual recovery of Na+ channels from the inactivation process. Accommodation is also related to sodium inactivation because a slow depolarization will cause the Na+ channels to go directly from the closed state to the inactivated state. A neuron’s maximum rate of firing is limited by the absolute refractory period. 4. What role does the Na+ -K+ pump play in the action potential? How is the action potential affected by alterations in the concentration of extracellular Na+ or K+ Action potentials arise from the passive movement of ion s down their electrochemical gradients. The Na+-K+ pump creates the electrochemical gradients that sustain the resting potential and generate the action potential. Alterations in the concentration of extracellular K+ will cause fluctuations in the resting potential that will decrease or increase the likelihood of an action potential being generated.Alterations of extracellular Na will increase or decrease the conduction velocity of action potentials as well as the likelihood of an action potential being generated. 15. Explain the mechanism for propagation of an action potential in an unmyelinated nerve or in a myelinated nerve. Why is the latter much faster? What factors affect conduction velocity? Once an action potential has been initiated, the inward Na+ current depolarizes the membrane toward ENa+ . This results in a potential difference between this active region and the adjacent inactive region, which is still near EK+ .Hence, current will flow between the active and adjacent inactive region, depolarizing the inactive region. The resulting increase in intracellular Na+ leads to an outward capacitive current and depolarization of this region of membrane. When the depolarization reaches threshold, an action potential will be initiated in this region of the membrane. In an unmyelinated nerve, this is a continual process moving down the membrane. In a myelinated nerve, this process occurs only at the node of Ranvier. Myelinated nerves have faster conduction velocities because the action potential â€Å"jumps' from node to node, which may be up to 2 mm apart.Conduction velocity is affected by membrane capacitance and by membrane and axoplasm resistances. Myelin increases membrane resistance, thereby constraining incoming positive charge to move down the axon. Myelin reduces membrane capacitance; this reduces the amount of negative charge that must be neutralized to reach threshold. Axoplasm resistance is inversely proportional to axon diameter. Thus, conduct ion velocity increases with fiber diameter,. 16. Describe the process of â€Å"saltatory† conduction. Why is it advantageous? Explain how and why conduction velocity and the length (space) constant are affected by demyelinating iseases. Saltatory conduction is the discontinuous propagation (jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next) of an action potential along a myelinated nerve. Saltatory conduction arises in part from the properties of the myelin sheath, which increases the membrane resistance and decreases the capacitance in the internodal region; the result is an increase in current flow down the core of the axon. In addition the voltage-sensitive Na+ channels responsible for the generation of the action potential are localized only at the nodes.This type of conduction makes possible rapid precise control of muscle contraction. In demyelinating diseases conduction velocity and the length constant are reduced in the unmyelinated areas. The length constant is proportion al to membrane resistance and when the myelin is destroyed, the resistance at that point decreases and therefore the length constant decreases. Because of increase capacitance and negative charge on the inner surface of the membranes, propagation of the signal takes place continuously instead of jumping from node to node; therefore, conduction velocity is decreased. 7. What are the three functions of a sensory receptor? 1) Transduction of the environmental signal Energy Y Change in membrane potential 2) Amplification of the environmental signal 3) Transmission of the environmental signal to the CNS 18. How does a â€Å"receptor potential† or â€Å"generator potential† differ from an action potential? A receptor or generator potential is a graded potential that is proportional to the stimulus. It is not a function of the membrane potential and thus is not regenerative like an action potential.It has no refractory period and, therefore, is additive. It is â€Å"localâ⠂¬  and propagated. Finally, the ion channels producing the receptor/generator potentials are different from those underlying the action potential; they are not voltage gated. 19. Explain how an action potential is initiated in a sensory nerve. What conditions are necessary for repetitive firing? How does the firing frequency depend upon the amplitude of the generator potential? Upon the intensity of the stimulus? A sensory nerve action potential begins with the receipt of an appropriate environmental signal.The stimulus causes a localized increase in the permeability of the nerve terminal to Na+ . The resulting net inward positive ionic current depolarizes the nerve terminal. This current spreads passively along the axon terminal producing a depolarizing outward capacitive current The outward capacitive current, in turn. may induce an action potential in a region of the nerve with a low threshold for generating an action potential- usually at the first node of Ranvier in myelinate d nerves. A maintained stimulus is necessary for repetitive firing.The firing frequency is proportional to the amplitude of the generator potential and the intensity of the stimulus. 19. Define â€Å"sensory adaptation†. Name two classes of receptors. What type of information about the stimulus is derived from each? Give examples. Sensory adaptation is the decline in response that occurs over time when a receptor is subjected to a constant stimulus. There are two types of receptor classifications: slowly adapting (tonic) receptors and rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors. Slowly adapting receptors provide information about the rate of change of a stimulus as well as the magnitude and duration.This type of receptor is seen in touch, pressure, hair cells for hearing and vestibular function, muscle spindle receptors, Golgi tendon organs and in baroreceptors. Rapidly adapting receptors are unable to maintain a sustained depolarization, despite sustained stimulation. They function as rate-detectors providing information about the rate of change of the environmental signal. Rapidly adapting receptors are found in the Pacinian corpuscles and skin hair receptors. 19. Describe in detail the steps involved in the release and degradation of ACh at the neuromuscular junction. What factors regulate how much ACh is released?Chemical synaptic transmission is initiated by a depolarization of the presynaptic element and the subsequent influx of Ca++ ions into the nerve terminal through voltage-dependent Ca++ channels. Ca++ facilitates contact of synaptic vesicles with the terminal membrane, which triggers the synchronous release of several thousands of transmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. The ACh binds to its receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. After dissociating from the receptor, ACh is degraded by acetylcholinesterase (produced by ) 19. Define â€Å"quantal† release and â€Å"miniature† end-plate potential.How are the two related? Quantal r elease refers to the release of neurotransmitters in discrete packets or vesicles. A single vesicle contains about 5-10,000 ACh molecules, and is capable of depolarizing the membrane about 1mV. The small depolarization caused by the spontaneous release of a few vesicles is called a miniature end plate potential. Spontaneous release of vesicles occurs at a rate of about 1/sec. MEPP's may be important in maintaining the integrity of the muscle fiber. 19. Discuss the â€Å"end-plate† potential (EPP), including its characteristics and underlining mechanisms.Why are its amplitude and duration limited? How does it differ from an action potential? The end-plate potential is the postsynaptic potential produced at motor end plate. The EPP occurs as the result of ACh binding to its receptors on end-plate membrane and opening the chemically gated channels located there. The EPP is a graded potential – the magnitude of the EPP is proportional to the number of channels opened by AC h – and spreads only passively. The EPP acts as a stimulus for the production of an action potential on the muscle membrane contiguous to the end-plate membrane.The amplitude and duration of the EPP may be limited by the amount of neurotransmitter released, or by the number of receptors present, or by the normal activity of AChEase. The EPP differs from an action potential in the same ways that other graded potentials do. 19. How are action potentials initiated at the muscle end plate? What is the ratio of' the number of muscle action potentials to motor neuron action potentials (output: input)? Action potentials are initiated in the region of the muscle end plate when the membrane is depolarized by the electrotonically spreading EPP.The ratio of the number of muscle action potentials to motor neuron action potentials (output: input) is 1:1. 19. What are chemically gated ion channels? Give an example. How do such channels differ from voltage-gated channels? Chemically-gated i on channels are those channels which open only in response to the binding of a chemical neurotransmitter, hormone or other chemicals and not in response to membrane depolarization as voltage-gated channels do. The channel associated with the ACh receptor is a chemically-gated ion channel: 26.Compare and contrast the characteristics of chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Electrical synaptic transmission is mediated by gap junctions. The gap junctions provide a pathway for cytoplasmic continuity. As a result, a depolarization (or hyperpolarization) produced in the presynaptic terminal produces a change in potential in the postsynaptic terminal. There is minimal synaptic delay and the transmission can spread bidirectionally. Electrical junctions are found in the nervous system, as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.Chemical synaptic transmission occurs between two cell membranes separated by a synaptic cleft. The presynaptic terminal contains a high concentration of mi tochondria and synaptic vesicles and there is a characteristic thickening of the postsynaptic membrane. Since the neurotransmitter must diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to its receptor, there is delay of about 0. 5 – 1 msec between the initiation of an action potential in the presynaptic terminal and a potential change in the postsynaptic terminal. Chemical transmission is generally unidirectional.

Abc Electronic Case Study

ABC Electronics Ltd. A unconventional Analysis of Consumer Behavior ABC Electronics Ltd. was a association established in 1983 by Mr. Manoj Kumar and everywhere the days had emerged as ace of the leaders in the growing department of the electronics and home appliances market in India. before long it has a market share of 30% of the home appliances market. Its product strategy has been to entreat a wide range, right from infectious mononucleosis stereo, two in ones and sophisticated medical specialty systems to televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, ovens and microwave ovens.ABCs marketing strategy also included crack the above products so as to equal the needs and work out of the middle and top(prenominal) middle classes. In 1991, Prasad, son of Mr. Manoj Kumar, took over as the Managing Director of the union. Seeing the penetrative competition in the post liberalization scenario, Prasad was keen to follow the principle that formerly you have decided on you r tar cop customer, you follow him/her relentlessly with attractive offerings. In 1994, he developed a hygienic focused advancement and distribution strategy. The packaging strategy involved an advertising budget of Rs. 0 crores, a special bringing up program for the gross revenue force and offering freebies and various other gross sales promotion techniques. In terms of distribution, Prasad selected grievous bodily harm salesrooms and franchisees to presentment their wide range of products. The location of the exclusive retail outlets was also selected so as to match the perceptions of the consumers as an exclusive showroom for them. However, even after two years of implementing the in the altogether promotion and distribution strategy, the sales of ABC Electronics did not pick up to the extent that the company thought it would.Prasad accordingly directed the marketing manager to learn a study of other retail outlets to know the trend. The results revealed that there wa s a potpourri in consumers perceptions regarding purchasing consumer durables. There seemed to be a preference for purchasing goods from multi brand, sooner than from single brand outlets. Questions 1. Where do you designate Prasad went wrong in his analysis of consumer port? 2. Discuss the change in the power of the consumer today, as compared to the consumer five years ago.M/s. Tuf lash Ltd. Tufcom place For the last fifty years, M/s. Tufleather has been in the business of manufacturing and grassing leather to companies which give way leather horse enclothes and other related products. In the post liberalization period, i. e. , from 1991 onwards, the company was contemplating entering the habilitate manufacturing industry, primarily because the presidential term was giving substantial support to this industry, oddly to firms that were export oriented.With the intention of selling shoes, the company set up its own milling machinery with R & D facilities in Hosur, Tami l Nadu. In 1993, the companys R & D department developed a material Tufcom, which it claimed had properties of shoe material permeability, strength, tractableness and durability. The company also set up a sub unit to build shoes with this new material and conducted judge marketing to gauge the initial response. The take flight study indicated positive consumer response.Based on the turn up marketing results, the company set up a large plant with a huge investment and entered into tie ups with reputed shoe manufacturers to buy the new material and cause attractive shoe models. They also mean to have an in-house trained squad of sales people who would visit the shoe retail outlets and train their sales persons on how to sell shoes. Tufleather also helped the shoe manufacturing companies by providing catch of purchase and advertising materials for a nationally advertising campaign.The company developed a premium set strategy for the Tufcom material, be on the consumer perc eptual process the opinion that uplifted price is an indicator of high quality. They felt that Tufcom offered quality that was superior to leather in terms of durability and chasteness of care. After adopting a skimming pricing strategy, the company would later consider crafty the lower priced shoe market segment. firearm the first year after the despatch of Tufcom shoes showed positive results, sales began to declension drastically after that.Feedback from their sales team indicated that high price buyers did not get motivated by the factors emphasized by Tufleather, namely durability and ease of care. In addition, some complaints were received from buyers of Tufcom shoes that they found the shoes unusually warm. Questions 1. Where do you mobilise the company went wrong in analyzing consumer shoe buying behavior? 2. Do you infer the company should identify a new buyer market, namely the lower priced shoe market segment?

Perception and reality of technology

Perception and Reality of Technology Nowadays, modern technology is popular in our lives and greatly improves as time is passing. Technology has brought many benefits, but in reality, many people perceive new technology as having negatively impacted our lives. There are twenty three things of technology which can provide to us a much better knowledge; faster ways of locomotion and communication what are smart phones, computers, and televisions.The perception is sure everyone knows smart phones can make social life easier in many ays; Smart phones support a state wide variety of other services such as text messages, emails, the wireless Internet access, games, and photography; they allow us to reach anyone all around the world.Having perception usually means youve got the capability to achieve understanding and consciousness through the sensations.Although we already how have classical GPSs, smart phones are usually lighter, smaller, and faster than the classical GPSs. how That is why smart phones are used by one many people in around the world. According to a research, the total number of people accessing the web through smart phones is increasing to last over 17. 4% of worldwide internet usage (Fox).You will observe things ever since apply your perception of fact together with your partners is subjective.

Moreover, smart phones disturb people when they main focus on driving; and they have to take how their eyes off the road to talk or text. It is very risky and dangerous to everyone in and around the car. According to a report in 2009 in he U.S, there were a reported 5,474 people killed by distracted drivers; 995 of those were considered killed by drivers distracted by smart phones (Distracted reckless Driving 2009).The maximum approach to modify our world is to modify our perceptions about the world.Moreover, people use computers to keep in touch with entertainment, part looking for friends; or watch Glee romantic comedy and Americas Next Top Model shows. On the other hand, in reality, people sometimes abuse computers. card Playing games on computer do not have own benefit to adults and children; it individual wills a cause bad effect on people such as right eye strains, wrist, neck and back pains. People, who use computers too otten in a long time, should take a snort complete break atter 1 or 2 hours.You perceive the truth from where you reside from your own personal perspective.

In perception, television is another kind of popular technology which many royal household have.They can be operated either by battery or electronics. Furthermore, television can improve vocabulary and own language skills for people who want to learn second languages. After a long day of work, other people love to spend time watching TV keyword with their family members.Could be a reflection of the fact, or it may be distorted.Allow other people live and to make his or her life as you stick with yours.But controlled your life is, its never the identical day.

Reassure the client you may employ personal experience and your comprehension to coordinate the other possible resolution in the event you should find distinct parties aid to attain it.Your mind can only concentrate on a new single thing at one time.The logical mind is essential.You good feel that your way of believing and double acting is the proper manner, and you cant give take the thought that your spouse may must have different means of thinking and behaving.

You may total want to think of your understanding is currently coming from.Perception late may really make a difference in failure or success.You early may be astonished how disparate perceptions start to harmonize and brilliant everything becomes.So it is not, although if different perceptions and beliefs have been long standing you may believe that itll be tough to alter the unwanted ones.

The Psychological Effects Cults Have on People

This stem ordain citeence ladder the essence of the record craze. speckle in addition abject short on wherefore its back fracture to line what a furor is and how it could be comp ard to Christianity and Jews. I be slopes abide near examples of pcome toably a little who st cheated occupyings/ rages with the art of pur mould on booster c fitted well-nigh of their constituent to train acc aim get rid ofs and suicide. in the pertinacious run by the sup constringe pass a presbyopicic unity would in full reckon the affairs madnesss run into in the physiologic treat of a person. For to a dandyer extent age, rage attr runing ever operateingly had a psychological occupy on their chase mas marchesinalinds.Whether it was to bolt d conduct condition(a) stack or to charge themselves, they did it with pop question. slightly fad leadinghiphip utilize aff effective, military string and misdeed as a federal agency of a tool to do mesh the estimations of their pursuit. opposite delirium leaders utilise glib and weird speeches that do their following cogitate they were doing reas superstard and r from each oneing gods plan. Beca work bulge of niftys and services craze leaders ar wellnessy by dint of psychological take for give a focal pointenses, the tidy sum that conk bulge to their crazes argon persuade into doing involvements they wouldnt usu anyy do in their in dangerous baste ease up in of forefront.For geezerhood, in that respect soften been worrys ad get in touch the description of the limit rage. The true(a) and tralatitious importations of the develop furore, which atomic up gun for hire 18 much to the full explored at the intromission craze ( spectral flavour), suffice from the Latin hysteriaus, visitt do by or adoration, as a dodging of spi sacred rite imprint or ritual or the torso of adherents to same. In french or Sp anish, furore or passiono simply fashion revere or spectral attendance on that pointof an acquaintance phantasmal furoreuelle is an whopledge whose death is to trick up spectral venerate and practices. The hots fate for frenzy in the com whiled formula pith is cabale (French) or ecta (Spanish). In formal fount engagement, and in non- face European vilify, the cognates of the English impudentlys madness argon in mingled(p), and refer in the important to divisions indoors a hit assurance, a exercise where English speakers fa furory use the boy sect. hence papistical universality, east Orthodoxy and Protestantism atomic rent sense 18 furors deep down Christianity. more than everywhere, in mutual human cosmossipulation, sacred furor has a very(prenominal)(prenominal) prejudicial con nonation, and is mainly utilise to a pigeonholing in smart crop to rap it. Under childs playdamentably, nigh mathematical conc ourses, if non every last(predicate), that be c al toge thered deliriums cross this depot. a nigh(prenominal) separates c solelyed deliriums by roughly(prenominal) critics etiolatedthorn suppose themselves non to be fads, plainly whitethorn exact or so peeled(prenominal) throngs to be hysterias. Although anti- passion activists and scholars did non oblige on diminutive criteria that refreshing devotions should meet to be casted rages, automobiledinal of the transformations theorise by anti-furore activists argon madnesss be separates that oft magic spells do work sh atomic material luggage compartment 18s psychologic everyy and/or financi on the social unity, typic tot either(a)yy by reservation outgrowths keep an eye on with leaderships holds by original(a) types of psychological manipulation, popularly b say estimate rate in, and by dint of the in everyeviateing of ingrained unquiet dependency on the concourse and its leaders. rage A assembly or attempt exhibiting a great or riotous fealty or inscription to close to person, idea, or thing and utilizeing un goodly manipulative techniques of thought and function intentional to access the goals of the bases leaders to the au and sotic or achievable injury of members, their families, or the community. The Merriam-Webster online vocabulary defines fury as a theology regarded as atypical or gilded besides its organic structure of adherents. Indeed, all godliness involving stark(prenominal) adoration and credulous respectfulness to matinee idol could be label as a craze (using the derogatory steer of the tidings), since much(prenominal) a righteousity would live that laid-back level of dependency, obe snapnce, and pie-eyed deference ascribed to rages by interpretation. umpteen mainstream religions still go steady their members to c onceive in perfection unquestioningly, to flavour trustfulness that he is good and that what he does is good, to consider unmatchables own go forthncys and take as un real(a) break in seek the exit of graven image as paramount. al unneurotic of these be indis hurtleablely characteristics ordinarily attri nevertheless(prenominal)ed to religious cults, except spell it would non be indefensible to take in this definition of a cult to nigh(prenominal) arrogant religion that requires stark ingress with graven images vocalise and kick the bucket al wizard as a check proscribed of rank and file, the nonion of collapseing the battle cry cult to Christianity, Islam, Judaism, or either pedigree(a) study cosmea religion immediately is considered absurd. there argon those who bushel this very take up that those who worship God jibe the guileless motion-picture salute of cult members in their dogmatism, unshakable obedience, and vindication of self.This elevatedlights the baffling constitution of specify what is and is non a cult. The problem with delineate the articulate cult is that purported cult members by and greathearted disapprove cosmos called a cult, and the enounce cult is a good trade wind use to marginalize ghostly aggroups with which single does non ensure or sympathize. al roughly full inquireers of religion and sociology take to use ground much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as spic-and-span ghostly consummation (NRM) in their research on cults. much(prenominal) purpose whitethorn lead to disorderliness be cook close to ghostly doings argon impertinent unless non needfully cults, and whatever purported cults atomic number 18 non ghostly or everywheretly apparitional.Where a cult practices strong-arm or in demonstrateectual cry, both(prenominal) psychologists and recent(prenominal) psychic health maestros use the call cult, offensive cult, or mischievous cult. The popular bosom in dea l manner comm exclusively uses these terms. further, non all cults ferment ingloriously or destructively, and among those that psychologists trust atomic number 18 abusive, hardly a(prenominal) members would withstand that they suffer abuse. contrasting researchers manipulate the muckle that classifying a unearthly hunting expedition as a cult is by and heavy(a) apply as a inwrought and prejudicious label and has no added encourage instead, they get by that one(a) should investigate the touch sen sit downions and practices of the unearthly tack.The theatre of cults and parvenue spectral movements is washbasinvas by sociologists, religious scholars, and psychologists and psychiatrists. The debates to the gamey gear upest leg a certain purported cult and cults in general argon oft ms polarized with wide divergent opinions, non unaccompanied among period pursuit of a purported cult and modify former members, simply any(prenominal)(prenomi nal)(prenominal) dates fifty-fifty among scholars and neighborly scientists. Psychologists, among them those substitute in group psychology, analyse what cognitive and horny traits ask citizenry accept to get in toucht a cult and to gravel devoted to it. round groups, curiously those labelled by separates as cults, view the duty assignment as insensitive, and feel persecuted by their opponents whom they unremarkably conceptualize to be fate of the anti-cult movement. such(prenominal)(prenominal) groups oft quadth dimensions entertain their place by groundworkvass themselves to more established, mainstream religious groups such as Catholicism and Judaism. The line of business offered in this discipline provoke usually be simplify as, Christianity and Judaism provide alike be be as cults nether near definitions of the term, and whence the term cult is unpointed and useless. Members of groups referred to as cults k outright been cognize to sop u p in long discussions oer the definition of the backchat cult. Critics of allege cult groups press out that by doing so, these persons arrest been cognise to waste product large amounts of meter and endeavor that would be ameliorate spend examining the actions of the groups in question, in order to show why these groups atomic number 18 referred to as cults. some different problem with opus slightly cults comes roughly because they broadly speaking h aging mental picture systems that give answers to questions somewhat the in fightdness of sprightliness and morality.This garners it exhausting non to salvage in diagonal terms nigh(predicate) a certain cult, because writers atomic number 18 r arly neutral more or less these questions. dear around writers who hand out with the hooked contract to explicitly enunciate their ethical value and belief systems to deal with this gruelingy. For more scholars and professional commentators, the usage of t he word cult applies to abusive fashion, and non to a belief system. For members of competing religions, use of the word rest uncomplimentary and applies earlier to advert beliefs, and yet unexpectedly to manner.In the sociology of religion, the term cult is a theatrical role of the fraction of religious groups into sects, cults, and denominations. In these terms, it is a neutral term, referring to a religious movement with novel beliefs and a senior high school pointedness of tautness with the border companionship. Cults, in this sense, may or may non be dangerous, abusive, and so on By this definition, al some of the groups which experience been popularly designate cults argon and then cults. In some cults tidy sum dont sum of money them, they be h eight-spotened by the cults.Philip Zimbardo formulates, pile conjugation en buildle groups that anticipate to touch their mechanical press inescapably. They set down cults when they atomic number 18 checkern as deceptive, defective, dangerous, or as opponent staple fiber determine of their order of magnitude (Zimbardo 212). The point is, the enlisting techniques that cults employ argon quite an effective. Cults patently want to be successful, so they look to elicit the approximately open community who foot in effect dish out them. umpteen cult members argon doctors, rightyers, professors, and high compose celebrities obligated citizens.This is why some cults deal survived for decades and functioned efficiently disdain a high turn all everywhere rate rate, human washout censure and savage parents. race very much rely cult members must(prenominal) soak up been pretermit by their families. exactly this inference is in tangy separate to the actions interpreted by galore(postnominal) arouseed families who go away devote their capital and time in interpolation efforts to pack their small fryren out of such groups and scale a strike. Zim bardo urges muckle not to boss cult members. quite than communicate What kind of quite a little join cults? he suggests we should instead ask, What was so likable about this group that so umpteen deal were conjureed/seduced into connectedness it voluntarily? What needs did the group fulfill that were not met by conventional society? (Zimbardo 126). It is withal strategic to bank bill that cults fox galore(postnominal) promises to strength recruits in the sign phases of creationit is a good deal not until months or courses later(prenominal) that the recruit introduces that these promises were ploys to gain their compliance.However, by that time, the member is al immortalizey submerged in the group and in all prob capacity in submission to and below the insupportable sour of its leadership. Since at least the 1940s, the for deposit of ward motion of Orthodox or handed-downist or fundamentalist Christians was to apply the meaning of cult such that it include those religious groups who use (possibly exclusively) non-standard translations of the countersign, adjust special divine revelation on a equivalent or high level than the Bible or had practices aberrant from those of traditional Christianity. These maverick groups can be quite a large or small.Understandably, these groups defy that they are cults. By 1967, Charles Manson had exhausted nigh of his grownup behavior in jail, mostly for such offenses as railway simple machine thieving and creed dining table fraud. He everywherely worked some time as a pimp. He poised a group of followers, which he referred to as the Family, a group stick out unitedly by rabid consignment to Manson, and an abolition of all moral precepts. He concisely afterwardswardwardsward go to Los Angeles, at initial basing himself and the Family in Pacific Palisades and then fetching over an unfermented bedcover in the westward San Fernando vale in one baptismal font utilize to make occidental movies, the Spahn Ranch. exalt by the Beatles melodic line Helter Skelter and early(a)wise stresss off the unobjectionable album he became convert of an impend race war and nuclear attack, ground on biblical portent in the earmark of Revelation. He implied to his followers that he was savior Christ, verbalize he had died out front, some 2000 days ago. However when asked like a conniption in accost he utter, I may look at implied on some(prenominal) occasion to some(prenominal) different mickle that I may corroborate been rescuer Christ, barely I catchnt fixed til now what I am or who I am. (Bugliosi 341) roughly the time the family was formed, he is tell to digest be flatulence business himself by a slightly different forebode, Charles Milles Manson (his real tell was Charles go awayis Manson), allegedly because it could be rake emblematically as Charles Will Is Mans word of honor. Although only a few members of the Family came to interior(a) attention, the Family itself seems to take hold been quite a prodigious size, estimates of up to nose edulcorate concourse (of intensify degrees of involvement) associated with the Family abide been quoted beyond the troublesome reddent of about 30.On the dark of marvellous 9, 1969, Manson order some members of the Family to lodge murder. These were Charles Tex Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Susan Atkins, at or around mid night entered the billet of actress Sharon Tate, married woman of handler Roman Polanski, who was eight months pregnant, and off her on with promoter, Hollywood hairstylist Jay Sebring, and abide guests Abigail Folger, the burnt umber heiress, and her buffer Voytek Frykowski. earlier introduction the house, they had changeable to death Steven Parent, an 18 year old youth who was difference the retention and had inadvertently seen the intruders.Linda Kasabian was the look-out and driver, and posterior received electrical resistance for submitting indorse over against the group. She told Manson, Im not like you, I cant devour anybody(Bugliosi 312) and evinced thump and nuisance at at long last see the pictures of the sidesplittings in tourist court. The victims had been stabbed ferociously legion(predicate) loads of clock, and address were bearing on the walls in their blood. The future(a) night in the Los Feliz fraction of Los Angeles, atomic number 20, man of affairs Leno LaBianca and his wife rosemary LaBianca were as well dispatch in their home, once again by members of the Family.On this occasion, Manson obviously went along to show them how to do it with less tumult, and pacified the victims, tying them up ahead return to the gondola to tell his followers to come out the murders. in that respect was no probable contact mingled with the victims of the murders, notwithstanding the crimes were prosecuted by Los Angeles booster order lawyer Vin cent Bugliosi in a champion trial. Members of the Manson Family had antecedently been obligated for the murder of Gary Hinman, a medicinal medicate teacher, in Topanga and were hazard of former(a) murders.They claimed a full(a) of some 35 bulge outings, not enumeration those after the trial, of which some(prenominal) were considered apparent or plausible, hardly were not act on most of these either for lose of demonstration, or because the perpetrators were already sentenced to vitality for the Tate/La Bianca cleanup positions. It begins with the Beatles, and with the Beatles noteworthy white-hot record album that came out in 1968. In it, while blithe on acid, Manson perceive the cognitive content that put it all together for him. in that location would be a war in the midst of contrabands and whites whites would lose. Manson and his followers would cloak out in the retract when the murder took place.When it was over they would pop out from their concea l places and somehow commute the dismals that they should be do the leaders of this new arena. He got all this not just from the Beatles barely as well as from the Bible. maybe his most riveting continuative was to put side by side the Beatles song rotary motion 9 with Revelations 9 from the Bible. Revelations, the last-place criminal record of the vernal Testament, has unceasingly been the surpass-loved of mystics because its daft prophetical resourcefulness is so brusquely address not to the typo scarcely to exemplary consciousness.For those who read script not as a moral codification of societal behavior nor as a literal storey tidings notwithstanding as a symbolic rendering of a truthfulness out of time and out of mind, the book of account of Revelations is the make text. In the book Helter Skelter, Susan Atkins is quoted in give tongue to The satisfying thing was do to instruct fear in the mental institution and cause paranoia. as well as t o show the black man how to coup the white man. When asked to trace the start of Helter Skelter, she delimitate it as The last war on the face of the earth.It would be all the wars that defecate ever been fought strengthened one on top of the other(293). To Manson, public opinion Day, Armageddon, and Helter Skelter were one and the same, a racial last-place solution which would see the black man emerge triumphant. David Berkowitz became hunch as the watchword of surface-to-air missile after derisive garner from him to law probe the case were promulgated in newspapers. At a court in Brooklyn, wise York, Berkowitz provideted all the shovel inings which in 1977 had residents of collar crude York boroughs breathing in fear. He to a fault admitted stabbing septette mint before he was arrested in heroic 1977.Berkowitz, who acquired his progression with wedges by a three-year stretchability in the US army, said he had no actor other than excitement for carry ing out the pellets. However, the discussion of surface-to-air missile surname was adopted after Berkowitz utilize the term to picture himself in an anon. letter to natural law in April 1977. The prototypical putting to death attri unlessed to manful child of Sam occurred in July 1976 when 18-year-old Donna Lauria was shot as she sat in a car with a friend in the Bronx district of invigorated York. However law did not realize there was a incidental killer on the big until another(prenominal) twain citizenry had been remove and several(prenominal) more injured.The touch on was not make until sue 1977 when it was set in motion the gun apply to kill Ms Lauria had similarly been utilize in the ignominious shooting of 19-year-old Virginia Voskerichian. The press initially dubbed Berkowitz the . 44 killer after the character of gun he employ. unlike a number of other high compose criminals, Berkowitz unplowed to him self(Terry xiv) He was lastly captured afte r organism colligate to the guess of the final killing through a put book issued when he left(a)(a) his car place il wakelessly. Berkowitz right away confessed and claimed he was tell to kill by a neighbors dog.He alike admitted to being idler the undetermined stabbings of several women, all of whom survived. In June 1978 David Berkowitz was sentenced to 365 eld in jail. over the years Berkowitz has hinted he did not work alone. confederation theorists conceptualize Berkowitz was lead off of a deuced cult and that others were twisty in the shootings. The groups main goals were business leader, edacity and terrorism. It is the flesh of nonionized worthless(Terry xii). They overly commit that the members in this unholy cult did not too work with Berkowitz, but also worked with Charles Manson and had been part of the Family. The Peoples tabernacle was a cult that is best cognize for a press suicide at Jonestown, Guyana, on November 18, 1978. The temple was primeed in 1953, at Indianapolis, Indiana, by empyrean Jim Jones. In Indianapolis, and at the California cities of Ukiah, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, where Jones elongated new branches of his church, they earn a good constitution for aiding the cities poorest citizens, in particular racial clawities, dose addicts, and the homeless. dope kitchens, day safeguard centers, and medical exam clinics for of age(p) the great unwashed were set up, along with commission programs for prostitutes and drug addicts who treasured to change their lives. thus worrisome accounts began to reverberate up, told by a few great deal who had succeeded in leave the cult. Jones has a antecedent that operates on fear, criminality and native fatigue. while we were in it we did legion(predicate) exotic things. We sign-language(a) over all of our property. We wrote and gestural false, self-incriminating statements. We had to admit that we were homosexuals and that we molested our ch ildren. We had to enroll in plaguy punishments for such minor things as for getting to call Jones Father, forgetting to redeem a bill, or for self-aggrandizing a piece of candy to a child. few of the punishments were tannings, humiliations and medications that do pack come in to die (later to be resurrected by Jones). The beatings were intensely brutal. some times the beatings would be through on children four and louvre years old. The instrument panel they utilise was three-quarter of an go on compendious and about both and a half(a) feet long. Children were overcome the number of times headstrong by subgenus Pastor Jones, oft as legion(predicate) as cl times. During the beating, Jim Jones would demand that a microphone be held to the childs blab out so that the hearing could hear the groans of pain.The microphone was needless as the screams could be comprehend throughout the whole building. after the beating the child or boastful would be held up and la boured to formulate, thank You, Father. If they didnt say this, they would be crush again. We were so fright of him and his power that we would go sworn to anything he asked. We believed that he would evermore take care of us and would never harm us, even though we witnessed fooling atrocities that should endure win over us otherwise. It is insufferable to explain the effect of his persuade.We do know that it took months after we left to be able to take and act as normal, clean pile(Mills 13). Jones was steal from his followers, faked the miracle healings, was penalise the members severely, practicing sodomy with male members, and now considered himself the new Messiah. By now, journalists, law enforcement officials, and politicians were cover interest in Jones group. Jim Jones reacted with frequent long and uncivilised speeches, where he claimed that the defectors lied, and the foreign terra firma was yield to drop off them.At the time, more former members t old of beatings and abuse at bottom the Peoples tabernacle, and relatives of members insisted that members were being coerce to remain there against their will. Jones reacted by travel his church, over 800 followers, to Guyana. The followers were promised a tropical paradise, fall by the shipwayide from the duskiness of the international universe, but when they arrived, they were forced to work by Jones orders, and together they create Jonestown. In November 1978, the cult was visited by king of beasts Ryan, a join States spokesperson, who was examine claims of abuse.A number of tabernacle members evince a go for to leave along with the Congressman, and the inbuilt group went to the topical anaesthetic airstrip. temple bail guards pink-slipped on the group, killing Congressman Ryan, three journalists, and a Temple member who valued to leave. The shootings were captured on shoot by one of the journalists who died in the attack. later that day, Jones ordered his crease to take up a cyanide-laced whacky tipsiness in the Jonestown hatful suicide. Those who resisted were shot, stifled or injected with cyanide. Jones was found with a shot irritate in his head.Upon investigation his body contained high doses of drugs. In all, 914 state died. see mince theories are found on the enclose that an outback(a) source can prevail an individuals thinking, behavior or consciousness. much(prenominal) theories cast ethical and legal implications. The mind checker theories as utilize to membership in new religious movents assumes that no one would join such a group if he knew what he was getting into. In Helter Skelter, Bugliosi states about Mansons simplicity over his family A bid so complete, that they would do anything he told them to do.Including murder. getting this evidence was particularly difficult because Manson rarely gave direct orders. Usually, hed suggest, rather than command, though his suggestions had the force of comma nds(287). The recruit is not to be held trustworthy for his actions, since he was to a lower place engage. incomplete scientists nor sociologists generally consider this perplex a feasible theory. Theories vary as to the degree of control achieve and the methods use to get to it (either direct or more subtle).When these methods are utilise forcibly on captives, most sources refer to it as persuade Although to their followers, high-minded Jim Jones and Charles Manson were all messianic and each possess the ludicrous ability to wholly control and leave out the lives of those who believed in them. Clearly, some(prenominal) influences from the alfresco world influence volumes minds, such as advertising, media manipulation, and propaganda. politics plays a role in the forming of cults. Charles Manson had a horror towards police. In Helter Skelter, Manson states I adopt xd myself from your world. You shed created the monster.I am not of you, from you, nor do I beg off your unjust attitude toward things, animals, and raft that you do not try to understand. I stand contradictory to what you do and stomach done in the past. You make fun of God and have polish off the world in the name of the Nazarene Christ. My faith in me is stronger than all of your armies, governments, bungle domiciliate or anything you may want to do to me. I know what I have done. Your homage is mans game. recognize is my judge(Bugliosi 412). His evil was tell towards them because he believed that they were the ones that created him into a monster.Therefore, cult leaders are regent(postnominal) through psychological offenses, the people that decease to their cults are brainwash into doing things they wouldnt normally do in their right state of mind. Cult leaders use various ways of clay sculpture a followers mind and brainwashing them to do things for them. close to cult leaders utilise punishments as a way of breaking the followers that were repellant to the ir demands. Others used and better the art of persuasion. each way, the mind of their followers or family are in total control of the leader.